References and Further Reading

The reference for the IEEE standard is,

• ANSI/IEEE Std 754-1985, IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic

A more pedagogical introduction to the standard can be found in the paper "What Every Computer Scientist Should Know About Floating-Point Arithmetic".

• David Goldberg: What Every Computer Scientist Should Know About Floating-Point Arithmetic. ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 23, No. 1 (March 1991), pages 5-48 Corrigendum: ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 23, No. 3 (September 1991), page 413.
• See also the sections by B. A. Wichmann and Charles B. Dunham in Surveyor's Forum: "What Every Computer Scientist Should Know About Floating-Point Arithmetic". ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 24, No. 3 (September 1992), page 319